Gummy Drop Tahiti Level 115

The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson to his Family and Friends - Volume 1 of 2, by Robert Louis Stevenson, Edited by Sidney Colvin This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.

Worldwide, there are literally hundreds of species of pathogens (fungal, bacterial, and viral) that attack citrus, yet there are only a very few that cause severe disease in epidemic proportions. Three bacterial genera contain species among these few are the subject of this chapter: (1) Xanthomonas species which requires no vector and causes hyperplastic cankers, with pathogen growth limited to intracellular mesophylic spaces of citrus leaves and stems; (2) Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Pauca strains requires a vector and causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), with pathogen growth limited to citrus xylem, and (3) Ca. Liberibacter species requires a vector and causes Huanglongbing (HLB), with blotchy mottling of leaves, much premature fruit drop, tree decline, and death, with pathogen growth limited to citrus phloem. Liberibacters are arguably the most destructive of all citrus pathogens, including viruses, viroids, oomycetes, bacteria, and fungi. Previous chapter in book. Next chapter in book.

Fruits Of the Hawaiian Islands, by Gerrit Parmile Wilder—aProject Gutenberg eBook.Project Gutenberg's Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands, by Gerrit Parmile WilderThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. FRUITSOF THEHAWAIIAN ISLANDSBYGERRIT PARMILE WILDER( Revised Edition, including Vol. 1, 1906.)Illustrated by One Hundred and Twenty-One Half-TonePlates with Descriptions of SameCopyright December 1906, December 1911Gerrit Parmile WilderHonolulu, T. Persea gratissima.AVOCADO.This spreading evergreen tree is a native of Tropical America.In the Hawaiian Islands, the first trees of its kind were said tohave been planted in Pauoa Valley, Oahu, by Don Marin. It attainsa height of from 10 to 40 feet, and is adverse to drought.Its leaves are elliptico-oblong, from 4 to 7 inches in length. Theflowers are greenish-yellow and downy. The fruit, which ripensfrom June until November, is a round or pear-shaped drupe,covered with a thin, rather tough skin, which is either green orpurple in color.

The flesh is yellow, firm and marrow-like, andhas a delicious nutty flavor. The seed-cavity is generally large,containing one round or oblong seed, covered by a thin, brown,parchment-like skin. The quality of the pear is judged, not onlyby its flavor, but by the presence or absence of strings or fibrein the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to thesize of the seed.

Innumerable variations as to size, shape, andquality have been produced from seedlings—some of which maybe seen in the accompanying illustration. The Avocado is easilyreproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties maybe obtained in this manner.

Persea gratissima.GUATAMALA AVOCADO.This variety is a native of Mexico, and although known as theGuatamala Avocado, it is more commonly to be found in themarkets of the City of Mexico. Its leaves are purplish-green.The flowers, which appear in May and June, are like those of thepreceding variety; and the drupe, which matures in the earlypart of the year, has a long stem. This fruit is round, from3 to 5 inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind, whichwhen ripe is a deep claret color, and the meat, which is a golden-yellow,is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free fromstrings or fibres. There are but two trees of this variety bearingfruit in Honolulu. They were propagated from seeds broughthere in 1890 by Admiral Beardsley.

These two trees are growingin private gardens. Punica Granatum.POMEGRANATE.The name was derived from the word punicus, of Carthage,near which city it is said to have been discovered; hence malumpunicum,Apple of Carthage, which was the early name of the Pomegranate. It isa native of Northern Africa, and of Southwestern Asia, and is grown inthe Himalayas up to anelevationof 6000 feet. It is a deciduous shrub,which by careful training can be made to grow into a tree from 10 to 15feet high. Many shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should becut away, as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems.The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and somewhatthorny. The bark contains about 32 per cent. Tannin, andis used for dying the yellow Morocco leather.

The peel of thefruit serves also as a dye. There are several varieties of Pomegranategrowing in Hawaii: the double-flowering variety is popularas an ornamental plant. All of the varieties are of easy culture,and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripewood.

The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a glossy-greenwith red veins. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in smallclusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. Thefruit is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistentcalyx, and is made up of many small compartments arranged intwo series, one above the other. The crisp, sweet, watery pinkpulp enveloping each seed is the edible portion of the Pomegranate. Ficus Carica (common variety).FIG.The Fig is the most ancient, as well as one of the most valuableof all fruit trees. Its name is nearly the same in all Europeanlanguages. The tree is supposed to be a native of Caria in AsiaMinor.

The intelligent cultivators of Anatolia, by whom theSmyrna Figs are produced, adhere to the caprification process,used from time immemorial. In California, efforts have beenmade to test this process. In the Hawaiian Islands, the Portugueseseem to be the mostsuccessfulcultivators of the Fig, andseveral varieties are to be found throughout the group. Thiscommon variety grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet, is hardy,and can easily be propagated from cuttings. Its leaves are alternate,3 to 5 deeply lobed, and are shed during the fall months, atwhich season careful pruning will increase the following year'syield. The fruit is single, appearing from the axils of the leaves,on the new wood. It is a hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, containingmany minute seeds, scattered throughout a soft, pinkish-whitepulp.

Jambosa malaccensis.MOUNTAIN APPLE, 'OHIA AI.' This tree is found on all the large islands of the Polynesiangroups, and in the Malaysian Archipelago. In the HawaiianIslands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist, shady valleys,and thrives well, up to an elevation of 1800 feet.

It is generallygregarious, and on the north side of East Maui it forms aforest belt. It attains a height of from 25 to 50 feet. Its dark,shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite, elliptico-oblong, and from6 to 7 inches long, and from 2½ to 3 inches broad. The flowersare crimson, fluffy balls, appearing in March and April, on thenaked branches and upper trunk of the tree. The fruit, whichripens from July until December, generally contains one seed, isobovate, about 3 inches in diameter.

The skin is so thin as to bebarely perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. In color,it is a deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white; the pulpis firm, white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor. (white variety).WATER APPLE.This tree is a native of the Malay Islands. The foliage issymmetrical, and its opposite, shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate,and obtusely-acuminate. The pure white flowers, which bloomfrom March until June, are about ½-inch in diameter, and areproduced in bunches on the naked branches. The fruit, whichis also produced in bunches, ripens in October.

It is transverselyoval in shape, about 1 to 1½ inches in diameter at its largest end.It contains from 1 to 3 seeds. Even when quite ripe, the fruitremains pure white in color, and has a tart, insipid flavor. (red variety).WATER APPLE.This low-growing tree with its bright evergreen foliage, is notcommon in Hawaii. The flowers are small, deep crimson, andappear on the branches either singly or in bunches. The contrastbetween these brilliant flowers and the fresh green leavesmakes a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom. Thefruit, which ripens in July, appears in clusters; it is the same shapeas that of theprecedingvariety, but in color it is a bright scarlet.It contains from 1 to 3 seeds, which are somewhat difficult togerminate. The fruit is crisp, watery, and has a sub-acid flavor.

Eugenia Jambos.ROSE APPLE.This evergreen tree, which is a native of the West Indies, isof medium size, reaching a height of from 20 to 30 feet. Itgrows well in Hawaii, and is found at an elevation of 2000 feet.It is propagated from seed, as well as from cuttings of the ripewood.

The leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, thick and shiny.The large, fluffy flowers which appear from January until April,are produced freely, and are a beautiful creamy-white. The fruitis a somewhat compressed, globular shell, varying in size from1 to 2 inches in diameter, and with a large cavity, containinggenerally one seed.

This shell, which is the edible portion of thefruit, is a light creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on oneside; it requires from 2 to 2½ months to mature. It is firm, crisp,and has a delicious flavor, somewhat resembling an apricot, andwith a rose odor. The season for the fruit varies according tothe elevation, but generally ends about August or September. Eugenia brasiliensis.BRAZILIAN PLUM, OR SPANISH CHERRY.This evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, which in manycountries is said to reach a height of but 6 feet, in Hawaii attainsa height of 20 feet; and although it thrives in comparatively highaltitudes, it bears best below the 200-foot elevation, and requiresconsiderable moisture. The bluntish, dark, shiny leaves, whichare scale-like along the branches, are obovate, oblong, and about 3inches in length. The blossoming season varies according to thelocation; however, the tree generally has flowers and fruit fromJuly until December. The fruit is the size of a cherry, is deeppurple in color, and the persistent calyx is very prominent.

Thesweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor.Probably the first plants of this variety were brought here byDon Marin, about a century ago. Some fine trees may be foundin Pauoa and Makiki valleys, and also in Nuuanu, in the gardenwhich formerly belonged to Dr. Syzygium Jambolana.JAVA PLUM.This tall, hardy tree is a native of Southern Asia. In Polynesiait grows well, up to an elevation of 5000 feet. Furious 6 google drive mp4. It is a very commontree in the Hawaiian Islands. Its leaves, which are from4 to 6 inches long, and from 2 to 3 inches broad, are opposite,obtuse or shortly-acuminate. The flowers, which bloom in June,July and August, are white and quite fragrant, and are especiallyattractive to the honey-bee.

The oblong fruit grows in largeclusters, ripens from September until November, and varies insize from a cherry to a pigeon's egg. It is purplish-black incolor, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. It contains onelarge, oblong seed. Syzygium Jambolana (small variety).JAVA PLUM.This tree, which is also very common in the Hawaiian Islands,is said to have been introduced by Dr.

It bears butone crop a year, will grow in anysoil,and withstands dryweather. The foliage is smaller than that of theprecedingvariety; its leaves are narrower, and a lighter green in color. Itblooms at about the same time of year, but its flowers are not aslarge, and appear in thick bunches. The purplish fruit ripensfrom September until December. Averrhoa Carambola.This tree, which is said to have been named after Averrhoes,an Arabian physician, is a native of Insular India, and is muchcultivated in India and China. It is evergreen, with dense foliage,and grows to a height of from 15 to 20 feet. It is easily propagatedfrom seeds, and fruits in about three years.

In Hawaii itbears one crop annually, the flowers appearing in July and thefruit in November and December. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate.The flowers, which are borne in clusters on the naked stems andbranches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading from a pale pinkto a deep purplish-red. The fruit, varying in size from a hen's eggto an orange, is ovate, and has five acutely-angled longitudinal ribs.The fragrant, light-yellow skin is very thin, and the pulp is watery;it contains a number of flat, brown seeds. This fruit is of twovarieties: the sweet, which may be eaten raw, and the acid which isdelicious when preserved.

A very appetizing pickle may be made fromthe half-ripe fruit of the acid variety. Achras Sapota.SAPODILLA, OR NASEBERRY.This tree, which grows on almost all of the Islands of theHawaiian group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from10 to 20 feet, and producing a fruit which is much prized in warmcountries. The bark possesses tonic properties, and from thejuice chewing-gum is made.

Its foliage is dense, and the shinyleaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire, and clustered at the endsof the branches. The flowers, which are small, whitish, and perfect,are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season.

Thefruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the oblong,is about the size of a hen's egg. It has a rough skin, the colorof a russet apple, beneath which is a firm, somewhat stringy,sweet pulp, having the flavor of an apricot. This pulp is dividedinto 10 to 12 compartments, and contains from 4 to 6 large, flat,smooth, black seeds. Casimiroaedulis.WHITE SAPOTA.This tree, which is a native of Mexico, is said to have beennamed after Cardinal Casimiro Gomez. The first tree of itskind in Hawaii was planted in 1884, at the Government Nursery,Honolulu. The seed came from Santa Barbara, California, wherethere grows today, a tree more than eighty years old, and whichstill bears its fruit.

It is a tall evergreen with irregular branches;its digitate leaves are dark and glossy. The trunk is ashen-grey,with warty excrescences. The fruit, which matures in April andMay, is large, 1 to 4 inches in diameter; it is depressed-globularand somewhat ribbed, like a tomato; in color it is a light-green,turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very thin skin.The pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe, andhas a melting, peach-like flavor. It contains from 1 to 3 large,oblong seeds, which are said to be deleterious. Prunus Persica.PEACH.The Peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous toPersia, while by others it is claimed to be a native of China. Itis a hardy tree, and has been known to bear fruit precociouslyeven in the second year after planting. If allowed to do so, thePeach will grow to a height of about 15 feet; but it should bepruned annually, in order to secure a good crop.

Its leaves arelanceolate and coarsely serrate. The flowers are solitary, pink incolor, and appear before the leaves. The fruit is soft andpubescent at maturity. The stone is deeply pitted and very hard.There are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and thefree-stone.Ulupalakua and Makawao, Maui, once had the reputation ofgrowing finely-flavored seedling peaches; however, many of thesetrees have been injured by cattle, and others have been destroyedby root-fungus and insect pests. In several localities in Hawaiigood peaches have been grown from imported varieties. Chrysophyllum Cainito (purple variety).STAR APPLE.This tree is a native of the West Indies, and although not commonin Hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in manygardens.

It has large irregular spreading branches, grows to aheight of from 10 to 25 feet, and has rather thick foliage. Propagationis ordinarily effected by seeds, which germinate readily,when fresh. It can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood.The tree derives its name from the words 'chrysos,' gold, and'phyllon,' a leaf; referring to the golden-russet color of theundersideof the beautiful, glossy green leaves. The smallflowers, which appear from June until October, are solitary atthe nodes or in fascicles. The fruit, which ripens in April, isround, about 3 inches in diameter, has a smooth, tough rind, about1-16thinch thick, which is a deep purple in color. A cross-sectionof the fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds,and the star-shaped core, from which the fruit derives its commonname of Star Apple. Unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe,its milky juice is remarkably astringent.

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum.This small tree, which is indigenous to the West Indies, is alsoa native of Southern Florida, and is to be found as an ornamentalplant in many localities of tropical America. In Jamaica it iscalled the 'Damson Plum.' Itssmall,single, white flowers arehighly perfumed. The fruit, which matures from August untilDecember, is small, ovoid-oblong, and when ripe is purplish-black;when bruised it emits a white, sticky juice. It contains onelarge seed.

Specimens of this tree are to be found growing inthe grounds of the Queen's Hospital and at the GovernmentNursery, Honolulu. Spondias dulcis.' This deciduous tree is said to be a native of the Society Islands,and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres.

It is a large,spreading and graceful tree, reaching a height of from 30 to 50feet. Its pinnate leaves are green and glossy; the leaflets areoval-oblong and opposite. The foliage is shed from Decemberuntil April. The flowers are paniculate, small, and greenish-white.The fruit, which ripens from November until April, is a fleshy drupe,oval in shape, from 1 to 3 inches in diameter; it has a thin, smooth,golden-yellow skin, which has a rather sour disagreeable odor. Thefleshy pulp is light yellow, is mellow when quite ripe, and has asub-acid delicious flavor, compared by some to the pineapple. Withinthis pulp is embedded a 1 to 5 loculed, bony endocarp, which containsgenerally one seed.

This endocarp is covered with fibres whichpenetrate the pulp. The first Wi tree in Hawaii was planted at theresidence of Mr. Walker, Nuuanu Valley. Spondias lutea.HOG PLUM.This tree is distributed over Tropical America, West Africaand Java, where it is commonly called the Hog Plum, and is usedfor fattening swine.

In Jamaica it grows well, up to an elevationof 4000 feet. It is a large, graceful tree, about 50 feet high, withspreading branches, and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit.The pinnate leaves are a clear green, the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate,and the golden-yellow fruit hangs in clusters. It ripensin September and October. The fruit is ovoid, about 1 inch long;it has a smooth skin, having a disagreeable odor.

There is onelarge seed, which resembles the husk of a ground-nut. This fruitis cooling and aromatic. To my knowledge there are but twotrees of this kind in bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and theseare growing in private grounds in Honolulu. Mammea Americana.MAMMEE APPLE.The Mammee Apple, which grows well in Hawaii, is a nativeof the West Indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical countries.In Jamaica it thrives well, up to an elevation of 3000 feet.The tree attains a height of from 30 to 40 feet, and the wood,which is beautifully grained, is durable and well adapted to buildingpurposes.

Its leaves are rigid and leathery. The round seeds, varyingin number from 1 to 4, germinate freely, and the young plants areeasily raised. The fruit is from 3 to 6 inches in diameter, is brownor russet color, and has a yellow pulp, which is sweet and aromatic.The outer rind, as well as the pulp immediately surrounding the seeds,is very bitter. The fruit may be eaten raw, and is very delicious whenpreserved.

Tamarindus indica.TAMARIND.The name is derived from Tamar, Arabic for Date, and Indus,Indian; thus literally meaning Indian Date. It is a native of theIndies, Egypt and Arabia. The tree is never leafless, and thefoliage is graceful, pinnated and acacia like.

It bears one crop ayear, the season varying somewhat according to the location andelevation. It yields a handsome, hard and close-grained furniturewood, which is yellowish-white, with occasional red streaks in it;the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple. The pods are thick,linear, dark brown in color, and from 3 to 6 inches long.

Theseeds vary in number. The pulp surrounding the seeds has apleasant acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis ofa delicious, cooling beverage. This pulp is called the fruit, whilethe pod is spoken of as the shell. The Tamarind is propagatedfrom both seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of thenoblest of our tropical trees.

Durio zibethinus.DURION.This fine tree attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet; it derivesits name from the Malay word 'dury,' a thorn, in reference tothe prickly covering of the fruit. The leaves, which are a light,glossy green on the upper surface, are alternate, entire, ellipticaland acute.

The yellowish-white flowers are large. The fruit,which is either globular or oval, sometimes measures 10 inchesin length. It has a hard rind, covered with thorny warts or spines,and externally looks not unlike a breadfruit. When ripe, it isbrownish-yellow, and, when opened at its lower end, shows fivelongitudinal sections or cells, each containing from 1 to 4 seedsabout the size of a pigeon's egg. The edible pulp surroundingthe seeds is firm and cream-colored. The Durion is remarkablefor its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an abominablyoffensive odor. To my knowledge there is but one tree in bearing in theHawaiian Islands, and that is growing in private grounds at Lihue, Kauai.

Coffea arabica.ARABIAN COFFEE.The Coffee-tree is said to be a native of Abyssinia. Twospecies, the Arabian and the Liberian, are now cultivated throughoutthe tropics. The use of coffee was known in Arabia longbefore it was introduced to Europeans in the sixteenth century.The Dutch were the first to introduce the plant to Europe. TheArabian Coffee-tree is low-growing, and bears one crop annually;its leavesare elliptico-oblong, acuminate, generally from 3 to 6inches long, and are thin and shiny. The white flowers appearin clusters, and are very fragrant.

The berries are ovoid, fleshy,and bright red. In this berry are found the two seeds, whichconstitute the coffee of commerce. The Coffee-tree was introducedinto Hawaii about 1823, by a Frenchman,whoestablisheda small plantation in Manoa Valley, Oahu. The tree is now wellnaturalized in the woods of Kona, Hawaii, and elsewhere in theIslands, and flourishes up to an elevation of from 1000 to 2000feet. Coffea liberica.LIBERIAN COFFEE.This species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage,and is a rich bearer.

Its leaves are from 6 to 12 inches long. Thewhite flowers come in dense clusters, and are more robust andproductive than are those of the Arabica.

The berries are nearlyspherical, and in color are a dull crimson. The pulp is large inproportion to the size of the seeds. Although this variety hasnot become popular in Hawaii, it is claimed that it will grow ata much lower elevation than will the Arabica, and the flavor issaid to be very fine. Clausena Wampi.WAMPI.This odorous tree is a native of China. It is a symmetricalevergreen with dense foliage. The light, mossy-green leaves areimparipinnate, the leaflets ovate-repand, and they are rough onthe under surface. The flowers, which are borne in clusters, onthe new wood, are small, yellow, and very fragrant.

The fruitripens from June until October; it is about the size of a gooseberry;the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded with green. The pulpis sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance. It contains one large seedabout the size of a kernel of corn. There are two varieties, thesweet and the sour; both may be eaten raw, and are very highlyprized by the Chinese.

I know of but two trees of this kind inthe Hawaiian Islands; they are of the sour variety, and are growingin private gardens in Honolulu. Physalis peruviana.CAPE GOOSEBERRY—'POHA.' This shrub, or bush, is a native of Brazil, but is naturalizedin many warm countries. It stands partially erect, reaching aheight of from 1½ to 3 feet.

Its pointed leaves, heart-shaped atthe base, are very fuzzy. The open, bell-shaped flowers are yellowin color. The fruit, which is about the size of a cherry, isenclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like husk, which is quite hairy.When ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a delicious sub-acid pulp,filled with minute seeds. The Poha may be eaten raw, but ismuch more acceptable when made into jam or jelly.

The driedfruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. In Hawaii, the Pohathrives best in the cool elevations. Carica Papaya.PAPAYA(fruit, female tree).The Papayais a native of South America; it is found in Florida,and in many parts of tropical America; it was early introducedinto Hawaii, grows and bears well in almost any locality.It is a small tree, with a hollow, branchless trunk; it is short-lived,and is suitable only to regions free from frost, and requiresperfect drainage. There are two forms, the tall and the dwarf, butthere are numerous variations as to shape and quality of the fruit.The soft green leaves, often measuring two feet across, are variouslypalmated, and have simple, long, hollow stems. The Papaya is usuallydioceous; the fruit-bearing tree is called the female; it is claimedthat trees of both sexes should be planted near each other, in orderto ensure a good yield.

The female flowers, which appear from the axilsof the leaves, are yellowish-white, single, or two or three together.The fruit of the Papaya ripens successively. It is either roundor oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. The skin is thin,and is bright yellow when ripe. The firm, yellow pulp has a deliciousflavor, and the milky juice contains a digestive principlesimilar to pepsin. The seed cavity is large, and is filled withmany small seeds which are enveloped in a loose, mucous coat,with a brittle, pitted testa.

When fresh these seeds germinatereadily. Carica Papaya.PAPAYA(fruit, male tree).The size, shape, foliage and general appearance of this tree isthe same as that of the preceding variety. Its flowers appear onlong stems, are funnel-shape, and have five lobes. The male treesometimes produces fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality.A good example may be seen in the accompanying illustration.I know of no method whereby one can, by any selection ofseeds, produce with any degree of certainty, plants of either maleor female variety. Carica quercifolia.This species of dwarf Papaya is of recent introduction to Hawaii.It has a soft, hollow trunk, and low, spreading branches.The leaves are deeply lobed, of a light green color on the upperside, and whitish-green underneath. Flowers dioecious, yellowish-green,having five petals.

Fruit the size of a large olive, green, and ribbedwith five white stripes, changing to yellow when ripe. The yellow pulp,containing numerous seeds, has a strongpesin flavor that is quiteagreeable. Citrus Japonica.Var.

CHINESE ORANGE.This familiar and highly ornamental tree, commonly known asthe Chinese orange, was very early introduced to these Islands.It is well named Hazara (meaning thousand of fruit), as it isone of the most prolific of the citrus family, and both green andripe fruit in great quantities may be found on the same tree atalmost any season of the year. The tree is of medium size, andthe small, shiny leaves have short petioles. It isgenerallythornless.The flowers are white and fragrant. The round fruit is adeep yellow, and its smooth skin is very loosely attached.

Thepulp is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds, and the sourjuice is very plentiful. The tree is hardy and free from diseaseand scale. Propagation is by seed. Citrus Japonica.KUMQUAT.The Kumquat is a native of Cochin-China, and is also cultivatedin Japan, Florida, and California. It is a low-growing bushor shrub, having smooth, angular branches, and in both the roundand oval varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful. It isa very prolific bearer. Its leaves are small, lanceolate, slightlyserrate, pointed or blunt and wedge-shaped at the base.

Thesmall, white flowers come solitary or in clusters, the fruit variesin size from a large gooseberry to that of a pigeon's egg, and iseither ovate, oblong, or spherical. It is 5 to 6 celled, has verylittle pulp, and contains many seeds. The pulp is somewhat sour,especially in the round varieties; and the smooth, thick, yellowrind is aromatic and sweet; the Kumquat is generally preservedwhole, and those prepared by the Chinese are very delicious.This ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens,for it is subject to scale, and to the mealy bug, which destroy theflowers and stunt the fruit. The Kumquat comes true to seed,and may also be propagated by grafting and budding. Citrus Nobilis.MANDARIN ORANGE.This small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is anative of Cochin-China, and fine specimens of this tree, withits golden fruit in season, can be found in many gardens aboutHonolulu, especially those of the Chinese.

Its leaves are lanceolate,its petioles short. Flowers are white and fragrant. Thefruit is compressed-spherical, apex depressed, a ridge about thestem. The thin peel is greenish-yellow, baggy, and separatesreadily from the sections. Pulp generally dry, sweet, juice scant,fruit containing many seeds. The characteristic odor of theleaves, twigs and fruit of all varieties of the Mandarin orangeis easily recognizable.

Citrus medica limetta.LIME.This small tree or bush thrives in Hawaii, and yields goodcrops. It requires a sandy, rocky soil, and does well in the shadedvalleys.

However, it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus,and many valuable trees are destroyed in this way. The darkgreen, shiny leaves are oval or elliptical, and emit an agreeableodor when bruised. The fragrant flowers are small, white, withan occasional tinge of pink. The fruit is small, varying in shapefrom round to elliptical. The light yellow skin is oily and verybitter, and the pulp is juicy and sour. The picture representingthis fruit shows several varieties, forms and shapes: those on theleft being the Mexican type, those on the upper right the Kusai lime,the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in shape, and has aloose skin, but the pulp is very juicy and exceedingly sour. Sorcery mod sims 4.

Thislime has become very popular in Hawaii, grows readily from seed, andproduces true. Henry Swinton is due the credit of introducingthis variety in 1885 from Kusai, or Strong's Island, Micronesia.

Citrus medica limonum.LEMON.This is a spreading tree, having ovate-oblong, fragrant leaveswith short petioles. The flowers are small and white.

The medium-sizedfruit is egg-shaped, ending in a nipple-like point. Thethin, smooth skin is aromatic. The juicy pulp is rich in citricacid.

Many choice varieties of lemons have been introduced toHawaii, but they have not thrived particularly well, because ofthe scale and insect pests which so greedily attack them; eternalvigilance is necessary in order to get the fruit matured; somevery fine specimens, however, have been grown in Kona, at anelevation of 1500 feet. Citrus Aurantium Sinense.WAIALUA ORANGE.This tree, which grows to a height of from 20 to 35 feet, iscultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its youngbranches are pale green, angular and glabrous. The leaves areoblong, ovate and pointed, and the petioles are narrowly winged.Its flowers are white and very fragrant.

This variety of orange,locally known as the Waialua orange, has a bright yellow fruit,generally round, with a coarse, thick skin, very juicy pulp, andnumerous seeds; and was introduced by Vancouver and plantedin Hanalei valley, Kauai. It is now widely disseminated throughoutthe group, and in Kona, Hawaii, grows exceptionally well.This orange is said to produce true to seed. Citrus Aurantium.BAHIA, OR WASHINGTONNAVEL ORANGE.This variety was first introduced into the United States fromBrazil, and is now the most popular of all the oranges. It is cultivatedextensively in California, in which State the first treesof its kind were planted; for this reason it is often called theRiverside Navel. The fruit is large, solid, and heavy.

It is seedless,and has a prominent navel mark at the apex. The brilliantorange color of the skin is one of its characteristics. Grafted andbudded trees of this variety of orange may be found growing inmany localities in the Hawaiian Islands, but the fruit is not asfine as it should be, as, with few exceptions, it has a tendencyto become very dry and woody. Citrus Decumana.POMELO OR SHADDOCK (pear-shaped var.).This hardy tree, with its spreading branches, grows to a heightof from 15 to 20 feet.

It is extensively cultivated in India, andwidely distributed over the Malayan and Polynesian Islands. Itwas early introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, presumably by theChinese, who seem to be especially fond of the fruit, as it is alwaysan important feature of their New Year's decorations. Theleaves are large, oval or ovate-oblong, obtuse, and frequentlyemarginate, and the petiole is broadly winged. The flowers arelarge and white. This pyriform variety, which is from 6 to 8inches in diameter, often weighs 4 to 8 pounds.The pale-yellow rind is smooth, thick and very bitter, but canbe made into a preserve. The pulp varies in color from paleyellow to red, and has a sub-acid, slightly bitter, flavor. Artocarpus incisa.BREADFRUIT (Hawaiian var.)'ULU.'

The first breadfruit trees were brought from Tahiti by theHawaiians who, landing at Ewa, carried them across the mountain,and presented them to one of the Chiefs of Oahu, who livedat Kualoa. There they were planted and thrived.

At the presentday this variety of the breadfruit, now called the Hawaiian variety,is to be found growing wild throughout the Islands. Thereare many varieties of this handsome tree, which grows to aheight of from 15 to 40 feet. It thrives best in hot, moist places,and requires a great deal of water.Its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed. The maleflower is a large yellow catkin. The fruit is formed from thefemale flowers, and is attached to the branches by large stems.In shape it is either round or oblong, varying in size from 5 to 8inches in diameter.

The thick, tough rind is, in some varietiesmuricated, and in others it is reticulated. In color it is green,changing to brownish when the fruit is ripe. The pulp is firm,mealy, and somewhat fibrous, and as an article of diet is muchesteemed. Propagation is by suckers, or by layers from thebranches. Artocarpus integrifolia.JACK FRUIT.This tree is a native of India and Malay. And was introducedto Hawaii by Mr. David Forbes of Kukuihaele, Hawaii.

TheJack fruit is a large, handsome tree, with leaves from 4 to 6inches in length, which on the old growth are obovate-oblongand on the young branches are narrow. The oblong, irregularfruit, which varies in weight from 20 to 60 pounds, is borne onthe trunk, as well as on the old branches. The green rind iscovered with small hexagonal knobs.

The pulp when ripe hasall overpowering odor and is seldom eaten; but the oily seedswhen roasted are edible, and are said to resemble chestnuts. OnTantalus, Oahu, the Jack fruit thrives well, and has producedfair sized fruits. It is a tree that needs a great deal of moisture,and consequently is seldom grown on the low lands.

Anona muricata.SOUR SOP.This small, hardy evergreen tree is very common in Hawaii.Its dark green, glabrous leaves are pointed, elliptical, and areshiny on the upper surface, but rusty beneath. The greenish-yellowflowers are usually solitary, and have a peculiar odor. The fruitis large, varying in weight from 1 to 15 pounds. In shape, it iseither oblong or conical and blunt. The rough, dark green, shinyskin, which is irregular in thickness, is studded with fleshyspines. The soft, white, cotton-like pulp is divided into sections,each containing a shiny, black seed, about half an inch long.

Theseare very readily propagated. Anona Cherimolia.CHERIMOYER.The Cherimoyer, a well-known fruit of the tropics, is said tobe a native of Peru. It is naturalized in Central America, ishardy in the mildest coast regions of Spain, and in Jamaica iscultivated up to an elevation of nearly 5000 feet. It thrives onthe Florida Keys, and is also grown to a limited extent in SouthernCalifornia. The tree grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet;its branches are spreading, and the dark, shiny leaves are eitherovate or oblong, and are sparsely hairy above and velvety beneath.The single petaled, velvety-green flowers are very fragrant.The fruit, which is about the size of a large orange, is heart-shapedand slightly flattened at the stem end. When ripe, theskin is a greyish-green, and is covered with slightly-raised semicircularmarkings.

The white pulp, which is soft and rich, isdivided into cells, each containing a black seed about the size ofan ordinary bean. The Cherimoyer comes true to seed and bearsin about three years. It is one of the most delicious fruits, andits delicate, slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic. TheCherimoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to theseIslands, and the best specimens of its kind are grown in Konaand Kau, Hawaii, where it continues to propagate itself naturallyfrom seed. Anona reticulata.CUSTARD APPLE.This tree, which is not common in Hawaii, is rather delicate,and grows to a height of from 10 to 15 feet.

It is a native of theAntilles, and is a very popular tree in the West Indies. It thrivesin Southern California. Its leaves, which are either lanceolateor oblong and pointed, are glabrous above and rough beneath.In color they are light green and rather brittle, when bruisedthey emit a very unpleasant odor.The flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish,with purple spots at the base. Artificial pollination will inducethe flowers to set and produce better crops. The heart-shapedfruit is from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. The skin issmooth, with small depressions; when ripe, it is a pinkish-yellowand shading to a russet. Next to the skin the pulp is soft andcreamy-yellow, while toward the center it is quite white.

Theflavor is sweet and delicious. There are numerous smooth, blackseeds.

This fruit, like its cousin the Cherimoyer grows true toseed. Anona squamosa.SUGAR APPLE—SWEET SOP.This small tree is native of the West Indies, from which countrythe plants found growing in many of our gardens in theseIslands were imported. The thin leaves are ovate-oblong, andare very slightly hairy on both sides. The greenish flowers areabout an inch long. The fruit which is from 3 to 4 inches indiameter, is the shape of a pine cone; it is greenish-yellow whenripe, and each carpel forms a slightprotuberance.The sweet,creamy-white pulp is very delicious. There are numerous smallsmooth, brownish-black seeds, which germinate readily, and theplants bear fruit in from two to four years. This variety ofanona is sensitive to drought, and thrives well at the high elevations.

Psidium Guayava pomiferum.(Common guava.)The Guava is an extensive genus of low-growing evergreentrees, found chiefly in the West Indies, South America, andChina. They have become naturalized in Hawaii, and may befound growing wild on waste lands and by the roadside. In somelocalities growing so rank as to become troublesome. The leavesare oval to oblong, usually acuminate, glabrous above andpubescent beneath, and have prominent veins.

The fragrant,white, solitary flowers are axillary.The somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish-yellow,and the firm, dark-pink pulp, in which is embedded numerous seeds,is generally acid and aromatic. This guava is the source of thefamous guava jelly of commerce. Psidium Cattleyanum.STRAWBERRY GUAVA.One of the hardiest of the guavas, and said to be a native ofBrazil.

The date of its introduction to Hawaii is not recorded,and as Hillebrand makes no mention of it, it is probably of recentimportation. A shrubby tree 15 to 20 feet high. Leaves opposite,obovate, small, leathery, dark-green, shiny.

Flowers white, fragrant.Fruit spherical, about one inch in diameter, purple-reddish when ripe,soft, juicy pulp, which has an agreeable flavor, and containing manysmall seeds. This fruit is used for making jams and jellies, and bearsa crop more or less during all the months of the year. Mangifera indica.MANGO.The mango, which is a native of South Asia, is extensivelycultivated throughout India, the Islands of the West Indies, andsomewhat in Florida. In Hawaii it has become thoroughly naturalized,and is one of the most common trees; growing from the sea level upto about 1,000 feet.A hot, rather dry, climate, with well-drained soil suits it best.It is an evergreen, shady tree of quick growing habit, sometimesreaching a height of 70 feet, and having a round, dense top. Allparts of the mango tree have a resinous fragrance, that suggeststurpentine. Its thick, shiny leaves are from 6 to 10 inches inlength.

The greenish, scented flowers are borne in large terminalpanicles; and these arefollowedthree or four months later bythe fruit, which is large and kidney-shaped, having a smooth,rather soft, pale-green skin, with tints of yellow and red. Thelarge seed is nearly as long as the fruit, its shell is rough andfibrous, and the kernel is shaped like a bean. In the inferiorvarieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes stronglyof turpentine.

There are numerous varieties of the mango cultivatedin Hawaii; the fruit of which varies much in point of flavor,juiciness, as well as in the size and shape of the seed.Within the past ten years improved varieties have been imported;notably the Alphonse, Cambodiana, Pirie, and many others. These havethrived well and have borne delicious fruit; from them many graftshave been made and the finer grades of mangoes have been disseminated.Propagation is effected by seed, by grafting or inarching, and bybudding. The mango as a rule does not come true to seed; alsoseedlings take much longer to fruit than do the grafted trees.The illustration on the opposite page is that of theso-calledcommon mango, which was brought to Hawaii from Mexico. Mangifera indica.MANINI MANGO.This tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought tothe Hawaiian Islands. It was planted in the early part of thenineteenth century by Don Marin, whom the Hawaiians familiarlycalled 'Manini.'

He brought to Hawaii many useful treesand plants; among the number was this mango, which he plantedin his vineyard, then known as 'Ka Pa Waina,' and there itmay be found today; a venerable tree standing about 80 feethigh, having a spread of over 100 feet, and its trunk measuring15 feet in circumference. Although a prolific bearer, its fruits,which are borne in large clusters, are small, and of an inferiorquality, having a thick skin and a large, hairy seed.

Mangifera indica.NO. 9 MANGO.This mango, with its distinctive shape, is one of the few typesthat comes true to seed. The first and original tree, which wasplanted at the Government Nursery, Honolulu, was brought fromJamaica by Joseph Marsden, Esq.

This tree is a prolific bearer,and its seeds have been widely distributed throughout theseIslands. The fruit is large and regular in size, having a thickskin which is of a light-green color. The pulp is pale yellow,very juicy, and slightly acid. There is a very large, hairy seed. Musa varieties.BANANA—'MAIA.' The banana, which has been cultivated from the most remotetimes, is a plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropicalclimates, where its highly nutritious fruit is used as food.

It is alarge herbaceous, slightly shrubby, plant of very easy growth,having immense, gracefully-arching, undivided leaves. Thereare numerous varieties, the fruit of which differs in shape, colorand flavor.As decorative plants in landscape gardening, few subjectsequal the choice species of the banana; and on account of itsutility, combined with its beauty, it is considered one of the mostvaluable of tropical products.

Propagation is by off-shoots orsuckers. When a stalk is cut, the fruit of which has ripened,sprouts are put forth which in time bear fruit. The enormousflower stalk issues from thecenterof the crown of leaves, andcurves over with its own weight.The flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle; theyalternate with large, reddish scales, which drop off as the fruitstalk develops, and the finger-like fruits are in clusters.

TheHawaiians seem to have possessed the banana from the earliesttimes, and about fifty varieties were known to the older natives.However, since the year 1855, the so-called Chinese banana( Musa Cavendishii), which was at that time introduced fromTahiti, has crowded out the native varieties, many of which arenow extinct.The accompanying cut shows a few of the different forms andsizes of the banana grown in Hawaii. Morinda citrifolia.' This species is found in nearly all the Pacific Islands. Thedate of its introduction to Hawaii, however, is not recorded. Itis a small tree which grows in the low lands.

Its shiny, ovalleaves have short petioles. The white flowers are about 1 inchin length. The fruit is whitish-yellow when mature, and whendecaying it emits a very offensive odor. The seeds are interestingbecause they will float a great length of time in salt water,their buoyancy is caused by a distinct air cell. Vaccinium reticulatum.' This is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from oneto two feet, having stiff, crowded branches with leaves varyingin form, from oblong to obovate, and in color from green togreen tinged with yellow and red.

The white flowers are solitary,and come mostly in the axils of the true leaves. The globosefruit is a fleshy, shiny berry, much resembling the cranberry;in color it is yellow or pale rose, and is covered with awaxy bloom.The Ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations, from 4000to 8000 feet. It grows particularly well on the mountain slopesof Hawaii and Maui. It is an edible berry, and is the principalfood of the rare Hawaiian goose, now to be found in only a fewlocalities. The Ohelo has always been a favorite subject ofHawaiian songs and legends, and was used as one of the offeringsto the Goddess Pele.

Solanum pimpinellifolium.CURRANT TOMATO.The first illustration on the opposite page is that of the curranttomato; an annual found growing wild in great profusionin the low lands of our valleys. It is of weak growth, very diffuseand twiggy, and scarcely pubescent. Its obovate leaves are smallwith nearly entire leaflets, and very small secondary leaflets; theelongated racemes bearfrom100 to 40 small, currant-like red berries,which are very sweet.

Solanum Lycopersicum.GRAPE TOMATO.The second illustration is that of the grape tomato, which hasgrayish-green leaves and slender, ascending stems. The leavesare pinnate with small, nearly entire leaflets; the main leafletsare notched or even lobed toward the base. The fruit is a brightred berry about half an inch in diameter, and is fresh andaromatic.